Japan’s landmark amendments to the Payment Services Act (PSA), enacted in June 2023, created one of the world’s most comprehensive frameworks for fiat-backed stablecoins. Praised for its clarity and strong consumer protections, the law has also drawn criticism for its tight issuance controls, which experts say could slow decentralized finance (DeFi) innovation.
Strict Licensing Limits Stablecoin Issuers
Under Japan’s stablecoin framework, only licensed entities—banks, registered fund transfer service providers, and trust companies—can issue “digital-money-type stablecoins” redeemable at par with fiat currency. The Financial Services Agency (FSA) enforces these rules to ensure user protection and prevent money laundering.
Stablecoins issued abroad but targeting Japanese residents must meet equivalent compliance and consumer protection standards. This makes Japan’s regulatory regime one of the most detailed and stringent globally. The result is increased trust, reduced risk of asset mismanagement, and stronger safeguards for stablecoin holders.
Innovation Takes a Back Seat
However, the same clarity that boosts consumer confidence also restricts flexibility. DeFi projects—many of which rely on open issuance, overcollateralized systems, or algorithmic mechanisms—face barriers under Japan’s model. Because issuance is limited to licensed institutions and redemption must occur at face value, innovators say the rules leave little room for experimentation with alternative stablecoin structures.
Furthermore, these regulations raise entry costs and slow the rollout of stablecoins for DeFi use, tokenized assets, and cross-border settlements. While Japan has established a secure regulatory foundation, its DeFi ecosystem has grown more slowly than in jurisdictions with more relaxed frameworks.
Japan’s stablecoin regulations serve as a global benchmark for consumer protection, transparency, and financial stability. Yet the trade-off is evident: innovation in DeFi may stall unless authorities adapt the rules to accommodate more diverse issuance models and interoperable systems. The Japanese experience highlights a key challenge for global regulators—how to maintain oversight without hindering progress in decentralized finance.
